MBA Distance education learning / Data processing

Data processing

Q: Explain the Editing of Data?

Ans: The editing of data is a process to examine the data to detect errors and omissions to correct them so as to ensure the data is legible, accurate, consistent and complete.

Legibility is the clarity of questionnaire and its response in reading.

Completeness involves ensuring if all the items in the questionnaire must be fully completed.

Accuracy involves keeping data unbiased.

The editing can be done at two stages:

1. Field Interview: Immediately after interview the interviewer reviews the reporting form for completing and translating the abbreviated form into understandable form for further processing.
2. Central Editing: Once all the responses are collected it is sent to the headquarters where a single person correct the obvious mistakes like entry in wrong place, entry recorded in daily terms instead of weekly terms etc.

Q: What is coding of data?

Ans: Coding is the process of giving some symbols ( either) alphabetical or numerals or (both) to answers so that responses can be recorded into a limited number of classes or categories. It is necessary for the efficient analysis of data.

Consider the following examples.

• What is your sex?

Male ______ Female_______

Here the male could be coded as “0” for response and

“1” for Female.

• What is your age?

-<10 yrs. It can be coded as A.

- 10- 25 yrs. It can be coded as B.

- 25-50 yrs. It can be coded as C.

- 50 or above It can be coded as D.

Q: Classify the Data?

Ans: 1. Classification according to Attributes: the attributes are the descriptive characteristics like sex, caste, education, user of the product etc.

1. Simple classification

In this type of classification each class is divided in two sub classes and only one attribute is measured like married or unmarried, employed or unemployed etc.

1. Manifold classification

Multiple division of the attribute is done like The respondent of the product is divided into users non-users of product Which is further divided into male and female.

2. Classification according to Numerical Characteristic:

Q: Explain a statistical series in research analysis?

Ans: A series is a systematic arrangement of observation or items in ascending or descending order.

When the series is in relation to time is referred as time series.

When the data is related with space is called geographical series.

When data refers to physical conditions such as height, weight, age etc is referred to as condition series.

The series can also be classified as individual observations, discrete series and continuous series.

Q: Explain table as data representing device?

Ans: In tabular data representation the data classification is made with reference to time or some other variables. The tabulation is used for summarization and condensation of data. The tabulation can be one-way, two-way or three-way hence making it more complex.

Followings are the important characteristics of a table.

1. Every table has a clear and concise title.
2. Easy table is given a distinct number to facilitate easy reference.
3. Every table should have column heading and row heading.
4. The scale of measurement should be mentioned.
5. Abbreviations should be used to minimum extent.
6. The table should be arranged in logical order etc.

Q: Discuss the graphical representation of data?

Ans: 1. Two dimensional diagrams:

Two dimensional diagrams are rectangular diagrams and squares.Usualyy height of the data consists the ratio of the of the data. For this the data is first converted into percentage.

2. Pictograms:

In this form the data is represented by a picture.

3. Pie chart:

In pie diagrams the total data is converted into percent or 360 units. So that it can be logically represented in the circle with correct representation of ratios.

1. Line or arithmetic chart

The Line or arithmetic chart is used to identify the changes or trends that exist in a series of data. where the positions in different times are joined with the help of lines.